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Monday, 27 September 2010
Sunday, 26 September 2010
Andrew Goodwin's Theory
Andrew Goodwin has this theory that all pop music videos approach narrative from a differnt angle to novls and films. Rather than the traditional narrative structure, he believes that pop videos use a different structure. His thoughts were:
- normaliy-problem-resolution is the traditional narrative structure, but pop videos are mainly built around songs and songs don't often pose the traditional narrative structure.
- the singer is used as the narrator AND as the character in pop videos.
- the singer is directed to look straight at the camera and in this way it involves the viewer with the performance.
He mentions that some videos are seperate from the lyrics and that the video of the song may go beyond the original meaning. Some pop videos are done to promote films and some videos use repetition only to promte the music. So there are 3 main types of relations between songs and videos, and they are the following:
- Illustration - this is where the lyrics are the main part of the music video to tell the story. A dance would express the feeling/moods in the song.
- Amplification - this is when new meanings are introduced and contradicts the lyrics adding layers of meaning.
- Disjuncture - meaning there are few or no connections between the music video and the lyrics or where the video contradicts the lyrics.
Illustration:
Beyonce - If I Were A Boy
I have chosen this music video as Beyonce herself as the main character and the narrator, narrates her life if she was a boy and how she would act. She is shown here playing the male character until the disruption of when she switches back. There is direct link between the lyrics and the video which I think follows Goodwin's theory.
Amplification:
Eminem - Not Affraid
I've chosen this music video as an example of amplification as it adds another laer of meaning to the song through the actions in the video as he comes back stronger. So, if you are not affraid your will become a stronger person and you will be able to face everything impossible. The deeper side of the story is that he encourages us that we should not be affraid of anything as everyone goes through everything and that you are not the only one.
Disjuncture:
Beyonce - Single Ladies
Throughout the whole of this video, Beyonce and two other females are doing a whole dance routine which only has a few connections with the song. The fact that there are 3 females and the repetition of the main dance move of 'you should have put a ring on it' - the waving of the wrist.
Analysing a music video focusing on the 4 key concepts
4 Key Concepts:
The Genre is focusing on the location and settings and what it may represent or convey, also thinking about is it reminiscent of anything else you've seen. The genre can also be presented through the constume and lighting to create the mood, tone and atmosphere.
Media language is analysed by looking at how the editing is used in the video, for example: manipulation of time, repetition of action, creation of perspective, and pace. After establishing how the editing is used, you have to think of what effect it has on the overall video.
Representation is a more broad concept as it consists of many parts - gender, age, ethnicity, place, disability etc. But the main one of focus is gender, as it is one of the most obvious areas of representation in a music video. To analyse this area, you must think about the reaction of men and women, what the video is saying about men and women, who's perspective it is coming from and who the target audience is of the music video.
The music video that I will be analysing will be I Need You by Ndubz.
Narrative - The structure of this video is linear meaning that it plays in chronological order from beginning to end, although there are some cut aways to the band on a roof top singing the song, but the main story plays in sequential order. The disruption to the video is when they find out that their partner has left and they are no where to be found. This creates the 'hype' mood of the band causing them fustration and anger. All members of Ndubz are participants and each one of them are also narrators as they narrate their part of the strory through their lyrics meaning that the lyrics are illustrative.
Genre - This still image from the music video. From looking at this image, I can tell that it can fit into the catergory of hip-hop and r'n'b. Looking at the location and setting, they are sitting in a night club partying and drinking conveying that they are party people, in other words, 'ravers'. Analysing their style in clothes, they have come into the club in the dress code of 'dress to impress' insinuating that they are hoping to find someone they fancy. The shades, era cap and wolly hat and gold long chains the men are wearing and the fancy dress, 'bang bang' heels, hoop earings the girl is wearing represents their style, in other words, 'swagger' which represents the genre of hip-hop and r'n'b as this is the typical costume that would represent the genre. Lastly, the lighting is mainly disco/clubbing lights. There are neon lights on the floor creating the 'blue' mood which has connotations of feeling down and the spot light that is on the band helps them stand out from the rest of the party people in the club.
Media Language - The editing in this music video is a mixture, but in the beginning, there are faded cuts which could possibly be cut to the sound and rhythm of a heartbeat creating that sense of adenaline. There are some repetition of action in the video and some that have just been played back to one second dismembering the action. The cuts and editing is used to match the beat of the track which isn't slow but not very fast. It is quite upbeat. There is also some parts of the video where the editing has minipulated the time by slowing down some action to set the mood. The edit is quite 'choppy'.
Representation - As the band consists of two males and one female, it is obvious that the male's perspective will be more dominant to the womens. But this band has managed to work it out by positioning the female in the middle of the two males. Watching each reaction to them coming back to find that their 'link' has disappeard, i have noticed that the male's reactions are more stronger than the female's reaction as the female feels more emotional whereas the male feels more anger.
- Narrative
- Genre
- Media Language
- Representation
The Genre is focusing on the location and settings and what it may represent or convey, also thinking about is it reminiscent of anything else you've seen. The genre can also be presented through the constume and lighting to create the mood, tone and atmosphere.
Media language is analysed by looking at how the editing is used in the video, for example: manipulation of time, repetition of action, creation of perspective, and pace. After establishing how the editing is used, you have to think of what effect it has on the overall video.
Representation is a more broad concept as it consists of many parts - gender, age, ethnicity, place, disability etc. But the main one of focus is gender, as it is one of the most obvious areas of representation in a music video. To analyse this area, you must think about the reaction of men and women, what the video is saying about men and women, who's perspective it is coming from and who the target audience is of the music video.
The music video that I will be analysing will be I Need You by Ndubz.
Narrative - The structure of this video is linear meaning that it plays in chronological order from beginning to end, although there are some cut aways to the band on a roof top singing the song, but the main story plays in sequential order. The disruption to the video is when they find out that their partner has left and they are no where to be found. This creates the 'hype' mood of the band causing them fustration and anger. All members of Ndubz are participants and each one of them are also narrators as they narrate their part of the strory through their lyrics meaning that the lyrics are illustrative.
Media Language - The editing in this music video is a mixture, but in the beginning, there are faded cuts which could possibly be cut to the sound and rhythm of a heartbeat creating that sense of adenaline. There are some repetition of action in the video and some that have just been played back to one second dismembering the action. The cuts and editing is used to match the beat of the track which isn't slow but not very fast. It is quite upbeat. There is also some parts of the video where the editing has minipulated the time by slowing down some action to set the mood. The edit is quite 'choppy'.
Representation - As the band consists of two males and one female, it is obvious that the male's perspective will be more dominant to the womens. But this band has managed to work it out by positioning the female in the middle of the two males. Watching each reaction to them coming back to find that their 'link' has disappeard, i have noticed that the male's reactions are more stronger than the female's reaction as the female feels more emotional whereas the male feels more anger.
Saturday, 25 September 2010
MUSIC VIDEO ANALYSES
I have chosen to analyse this British music video:
This video is representative of the indie-rock genre which Oasis would be categorized under. The whole video is shot in black and white, which is often seen as very artistic and very classic of the typical indie genre, however,we are shown a single acoustic guitar which is coloured, this only heightens the artistic touch to the video and the meaning of that single guitar.
The clever use of bright lighting means that although the image is kept very bright, it is almost too bright and provides a stark contrast to the dark shadows created by such intense lighting, this makes people feel uncomfortable. Combined with the use of special lenses and close up shots, we are left with the general awkward feelings that are expected when it comes to this genres music videos.
The videos setting consists within what appears to be an empty warehouse, and is then filled with props such as saws, hanging guitars and items which look as though they would be more at home at a circus.
Costumes consist of casual/smart clothes which is also very common of this genre.
The video lacks a clear narrative, and the only consistency is that of the band sitting together. We are shown random images, men using saws as musical instruments, circus performers and close ups of the band, but we can not apply a structure.
We are shown, instruments playing when that instrument is particularly dominant at that part of the video.
While the band are involved in the video, as they sing and play instruments, they are not narrating the story as their isn't one, instead we simply see them singing/playing.
The opportunity to connect with the artist is most definitely there, we see this in his connection with the camera. The use of close ups and consistent eye contact allow us to connect with the artist but not to identify with him, as we are unaware of what we are identifying with.
As is common with music videos, the editing is done to the beat, this creates a smoother more linear piece, which is more appealing to the audience.
With no SFX and only altering the lens of the camera, the video gives of the artistic, introspective nature of not only the song and band but that which is similar to its genre.
Oasis - Wonderwall
This video is representative of the indie-rock genre which Oasis would be categorized under. The whole video is shot in black and white, which is often seen as very artistic and very classic of the typical indie genre, however,we are shown a single acoustic guitar which is coloured, this only heightens the artistic touch to the video and the meaning of that single guitar.
The clever use of bright lighting means that although the image is kept very bright, it is almost too bright and provides a stark contrast to the dark shadows created by such intense lighting, this makes people feel uncomfortable. Combined with the use of special lenses and close up shots, we are left with the general awkward feelings that are expected when it comes to this genres music videos.
The videos setting consists within what appears to be an empty warehouse, and is then filled with props such as saws, hanging guitars and items which look as though they would be more at home at a circus.
Costumes consist of casual/smart clothes which is also very common of this genre.
The video lacks a clear narrative, and the only consistency is that of the band sitting together. We are shown random images, men using saws as musical instruments, circus performers and close ups of the band, but we can not apply a structure.
We are shown, instruments playing when that instrument is particularly dominant at that part of the video.
While the band are involved in the video, as they sing and play instruments, they are not narrating the story as their isn't one, instead we simply see them singing/playing.
The opportunity to connect with the artist is most definitely there, we see this in his connection with the camera. The use of close ups and consistent eye contact allow us to connect with the artist but not to identify with him, as we are unaware of what we are identifying with.
As is common with music videos, the editing is done to the beat, this creates a smoother more linear piece, which is more appealing to the audience.
With no SFX and only altering the lens of the camera, the video gives of the artistic, introspective nature of not only the song and band but that which is similar to its genre.
DISJUNCTURE, ILLUSTRATION AND AMPLIFICATION.
DISJUNCTURE
Disjuncture is when there is little connection between the lyric and the video or where the video contradicts the lyrics.
In this example,
The Killers - Somebody Told Me,
the lyrics have no relevance to the video at all. The video consists of multiple shots of the band performing in a desert, in front of a light display and there is no clear narrative established.
ILLUSTRATION
Illustration occurs when the video tells the story of the lyric.
In this example,
Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me,
the video literally mirrors the lyrics almost word for word. The narrative is very clear (a girl who wants to be with a boy who is already with someone else.)
AMPLIFICATION
Amplification is the term used when the videos introduce new meanings that do not contradict with the lyrics but add layers to the meaning.
In this example,
Brandon Flowers - Crossfire,
the video has a very clear narrative, however, it does not match the narrative of the lyrics exactly. Instead, while the lyrics are suggestive of the secrets and 'crossfire' of love, the video has taken it literally and portrayed people physically in combat with one another. It is similar to that of a James Bond clip.
Disjuncture is when there is little connection between the lyric and the video or where the video contradicts the lyrics.
In this example,
The Killers - Somebody Told Me,
the lyrics have no relevance to the video at all. The video consists of multiple shots of the band performing in a desert, in front of a light display and there is no clear narrative established.
ILLUSTRATION
Illustration occurs when the video tells the story of the lyric.
In this example,
Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me,
the video literally mirrors the lyrics almost word for word. The narrative is very clear (a girl who wants to be with a boy who is already with someone else.)
AMPLIFICATION
Amplification is the term used when the videos introduce new meanings that do not contradict with the lyrics but add layers to the meaning.
In this example,
Brandon Flowers - Crossfire,
the video has a very clear narrative, however, it does not match the narrative of the lyrics exactly. Instead, while the lyrics are suggestive of the secrets and 'crossfire' of love, the video has taken it literally and portrayed people physically in combat with one another. It is similar to that of a James Bond clip.
Thursday, 23 September 2010
Lip Synch Tutorial
In our media lesson we had to create a music video focusing mainly on lip syncing. Our groups were all given a song and lyrics to which we had to learn and film a person singing to, the whole way through the song from various different angles, then edit our videos on final cut pro and sync the soundtrack of the song successfully with the video's lip movement.
Throughout this activity, i learned new skills such as how to use markers on final cut pro to get close syncing results. I also found out how to make a pop video with various different shots, as in each shot we did we had to film the whole song the whole way to the end from each different angle/location we were filming from, and then synced from the same point of the begining of each video to the same point on the soundtrack.
The part i found most challenging with this task is getting the markers to be in the same place on every video and sound track, as alot of the time, the lip movement would start just before or just after the soundtrack.
One thing i also learned that is it best to film a music video actualy singing rather than miming as this makes syncing alot easier as the lip movement is more likely to be correctly timed with the music.
Compared to my thriller film, the edting and filming of a music video differs. Firstly, the thriller i made was filmed shot by shot, not the whole scene through, where as the whole music video is filmed with the whole seen through, and the process is repeated again and again. Also, with editing out thrillers, the clips were added one by one in a line next to eachother in the order the events happend, however with the music video, each of the clips is added to the timeline on top of eachother, placed in sync with the soundtrack,and sliced up using the knife tool with deleting segments of the clips in different places.
This is our final video from our lip sync tutorial. The Song is called Hes the greatest dancer by by Sister Sledge.
Here are the photos from our video shoot, which show how we managed to film the music video.
Throughout this activity, i learned new skills such as how to use markers on final cut pro to get close syncing results. I also found out how to make a pop video with various different shots, as in each shot we did we had to film the whole song the whole way to the end from each different angle/location we were filming from, and then synced from the same point of the begining of each video to the same point on the soundtrack.
The part i found most challenging with this task is getting the markers to be in the same place on every video and sound track, as alot of the time, the lip movement would start just before or just after the soundtrack.
One thing i also learned that is it best to film a music video actualy singing rather than miming as this makes syncing alot easier as the lip movement is more likely to be correctly timed with the music.
Compared to my thriller film, the edting and filming of a music video differs. Firstly, the thriller i made was filmed shot by shot, not the whole scene through, where as the whole music video is filmed with the whole seen through, and the process is repeated again and again. Also, with editing out thrillers, the clips were added one by one in a line next to eachother in the order the events happend, however with the music video, each of the clips is added to the timeline on top of eachother, placed in sync with the soundtrack,and sliced up using the knife tool with deleting segments of the clips in different places.
This is our final video from our lip sync tutorial. The Song is called Hes the greatest dancer by by Sister Sledge.
Here are the photos from our video shoot, which show how we managed to film the music video.
Wednesday, 22 September 2010
Examples showing Amplification, Disjuncture and Illustration (research)
I chose this video Lily Allen - Smile the genre is indie, the location is in Angel Islington in London close to my college. I may use the genre indie as it is much easier to set a location and props with the limited time and no budget.This an example of amplification, the video doesn't narrate the video but doesn't contradict the lyrics, as she sings " When I see you cry it makes me cry" the audience are shown the guy is distressed and the artist smiles. The audience are aware of the relationship which goes along with the lyrics.
Same Girl- Usher Ft. R.Kelly is a good example of illustration as the song, the genre is R'n'B this is easy to figure out as there is champagne, beautiful girls and expensive props and clothing. Both artists are speaking about the "same girl" they describe what they would do with the girl, the video clearly shows the audience what they're talking about. As they have a conversation like what happens in the video.
Imagine - John Lennon the genre being soft rock, which could possible be used in my music video as it shows the simplicity working well. The video shows there is no clear connection between the lyrics and video making it Disjuncture. As John and his wife enter a white house and play the piano.
Tuesday, 21 September 2010
Examples and analysis of videos that follow aplification,disjuncture, and illustration
Illustration
This is Papa Dont Preach- Madonna. The reason i have chosen this video to represent illistration is because the video tells the story of the lyrics, from when she was a little girl, to how she is now with her boyfriend, and her trying to get her fathers blessing. The genre of this video is dance-pop, which again are two genres i would be interested in exploring for my own music videoAmplification
I chose Eminem - Not afraid as a music video that represents amplification. what is going on in the video doesnt contradict the lyrics it explains them and adds meaning, and uses the video to present his feelings, for example the lyrics ' im not afraid to take a stand' while eminem is standing on the edge of the top of a building, showing how he is not afraid to stand up for himself, and although he is not directly doing it, the actions show meaning to his words. The genre for this music video is Hip-hopm and although i do enjoy this genre of music i wouldnt want to choose it for my music video
Disjuncture
The video Lady gaga- bad roamance is a good example of disjuncture. The video has absolutly nothing to do with the lyrics and just features her walking around dancing in strange outfits, having nothing to do with any romance. The Genre of this video is pop and dance, which are two genres i would be interested in exploring for my own music video.
Summary of the main points of Andrew Goodwin's Theory
Andrew Goodwin 'Dancing in the Distraction Factory' (1993)
Andrew Goodwin identified a number of key features when it comes to his theory on pop music videos. These are:
- Traditional narrative analyses doesnt really apply to pop videos, As they approach narative from a different angle to novels and films
- Pop videos are built around songs, and have a form of closure and ending.
- They rely on repetiton e.g the chorus
- there are likely to be intertextual references, either to other music videos or to films and TV texts, these provide further gratification and pleasure for the viewers/fans
- The pop video uses the singer as both narrator and character
- Record companies will demand a lot of close ups of the main artist of vocalist
- Viewers of a pop video are usualy being involved with the perfomance of a pop video as the singer often looks directly at the camera, making it appear the singer is singing directly to the viewer.
- There is a relationship between the lyrics and the visuals, with the visuals illustrating, amplifying or contradicting (disjucture) the lyrics.
- Illistration- where the video tells the story of the lyrics,
- Amplification - occurs when the video introduces new means that do not contradict the lyrics but add layers of meaning, or ofter exaggerate meaning.
- Disjucture - this is where the is little connection between the lyris and video or when the video contradict the lyrics.
- Voyeurism is present in many music videos, especially in the treatment of females, but also in terms of systems of looking. Some examples are screens within screens, cameras, mirrors, etc.
Analysis of a music Video
Analysis of a music video of you choice or one studied in class, Focusing on the 4 key concepts of narrative, genre, media language and representation.
The Music Video i chose to analysis during my media lesson was called Mr Brightside - The Killers.
This is the music video
in our media lesson we were focusing on the 4 key concepts of narrative, media language, genre and representation.
Narrative
The narrative structure of this video i would describe as being a mixed linear, as it has a jumbled up timeline. the video as a whole goes in order from the begining of a night to the end, however it also goes backwards and forwards to various parts of the video and repeats many shots, such as the scene were the girl is dancing with the lead singer, and switched back an forth to her dancing with another man, then with the singer again. The video is also reminiscent of Moulin Rouge, as many of the dancers are dressed simular to the girls in Moulin rouge. There is a disruption and a equilibrium in Mr brightside. The disruption in the video is when the girl, who the lead singer obviously has feelings for, is busy dancing and kissing the antagonist in the video, which causes the lead singer great destress and frustration, which we see in the scene where the lead singer chucks the checkers table over. The equilibrium in the video is when the lead singer finally has the girl to himself and she wants him too, but he has given up chasing her, and out of choice walks away from her, which is the end of the video. The central artist (lead singer) who is called Brandon Flowers, plays the participant and the narrator. He is performing the song on stage and singing throughout the whole video, making him the narrator, however he also participates in the video, eg dancing with the girl, playing checkers, making him a participant too. The Lyrics link to the narative by amplification. throughout the video, the girl is seen getting with a large amount of men, the song implies she cheated but however the video exaggerates the level to which she did, as the song lyrics say 'It was only a kiss'.
Genre
The genre of this song is indie/rock, and the killers are mainly a indie/rock band. There costumes link with the genre, because all of the band members are dresed in dark colours, and although they are all dressed quite smart, they all have quite messy/scruffy hair. The lighting is also quite dark/dimly lit. The band are also performing on a stage, and have guitars/drums, which iss a typical thing you would see if a rock band was performing.
Media Language
Editing in this video is at a medium speed and cuts are made after each line is sung, cutting to the beat of the song. Camera is used while being off focus at one point, which blurs the view, suggesting that what is going on is something secretive that should not be seen. this happends when the lead singer is on the balcony with the girl.
Representation
The overall representation of the characters in thi video is rich and upper class. This can be seen by the costumes they are wearing, the enviroment they are in and the props around them. The costumes and enviroment also represent quite an old time setting.
Woman in this video are represented as sexual objects, as all the woman are dacing for the men, however the main girl acts against this representation, as she is acting dominant, while having all the men chase after her and she does what she likes.
The Music Video i chose to analysis during my media lesson was called Mr Brightside - The Killers.
This is the music video
in our media lesson we were focusing on the 4 key concepts of narrative, media language, genre and representation.
Narrative
The narrative structure of this video i would describe as being a mixed linear, as it has a jumbled up timeline. the video as a whole goes in order from the begining of a night to the end, however it also goes backwards and forwards to various parts of the video and repeats many shots, such as the scene were the girl is dancing with the lead singer, and switched back an forth to her dancing with another man, then with the singer again. The video is also reminiscent of Moulin Rouge, as many of the dancers are dressed simular to the girls in Moulin rouge. There is a disruption and a equilibrium in Mr brightside. The disruption in the video is when the girl, who the lead singer obviously has feelings for, is busy dancing and kissing the antagonist in the video, which causes the lead singer great destress and frustration, which we see in the scene where the lead singer chucks the checkers table over. The equilibrium in the video is when the lead singer finally has the girl to himself and she wants him too, but he has given up chasing her, and out of choice walks away from her, which is the end of the video. The central artist (lead singer) who is called Brandon Flowers, plays the participant and the narrator. He is performing the song on stage and singing throughout the whole video, making him the narrator, however he also participates in the video, eg dancing with the girl, playing checkers, making him a participant too. The Lyrics link to the narative by amplification. throughout the video, the girl is seen getting with a large amount of men, the song implies she cheated but however the video exaggerates the level to which she did, as the song lyrics say 'It was only a kiss'.
Genre
The genre of this song is indie/rock, and the killers are mainly a indie/rock band. There costumes link with the genre, because all of the band members are dresed in dark colours, and although they are all dressed quite smart, they all have quite messy/scruffy hair. The lighting is also quite dark/dimly lit. The band are also performing on a stage, and have guitars/drums, which iss a typical thing you would see if a rock band was performing.
Media Language
Editing in this video is at a medium speed and cuts are made after each line is sung, cutting to the beat of the song. Camera is used while being off focus at one point, which blurs the view, suggesting that what is going on is something secretive that should not be seen. this happends when the lead singer is on the balcony with the girl.
Representation
The overall representation of the characters in thi video is rich and upper class. This can be seen by the costumes they are wearing, the enviroment they are in and the props around them. The costumes and enviroment also represent quite an old time setting.
Woman in this video are represented as sexual objects, as all the woman are dacing for the men, however the main girl acts against this representation, as she is acting dominant, while having all the men chase after her and she does what she likes.
Andrew Goodwin's theory (Research)
Andrew Goodwin theory on pop music videos contradicts Todorv theory, Goodwin believes that pop videos are built by the song, the singer is used as a narrator and character which the artists looks directly at the camera, who tries to involve the audience. Pop videos are repetitive as the repeat images as the song repeats a chorus or line. The video is played on TV as a form of advertising as there maybe a tv tie in. There are three relations between songs and videos.Illustration
This is where the video tells the story of the lyrics sung by the artist
Amplification
Happens when the videos bring in new meanings that don't go against the lyrics but adds to it
Disjuncture
Occurs when the lyrics and video have no connotation
Monday, 20 September 2010
Analysis of a music video
Focusing on narrative, genre, media language and representation 
We were assigned to analyse Love the way you lie by Eminem Ft. Rhianna,(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uelHwf8o7_U) a Rap/ R'n'B video. We can identify this by the soul music Rhianna sings and the music is bass and guitar. Through out the video the audience are able to identify the characters involved; Megan Fox and Dominic Mohogan well known actors. The video is a an illustration of the songs as the lyrics include " She f****** hates me" at this point we see Megan's character hit Dominic' character who seem to be in a love & hate relationship which the song is about. "Just gona stand there and watch me burn" as this is sung by Rhianna the audience can see Eminem standing in the middle of a field aflame, this shows that the main artist position is a narrator, observer and participant. As the opening scene we see Rhianna in a close-up out of focus shot with red hair posiibly to connote the word "burn" she is dressed suductively yet wearing punky black leather boots, black high shorts and leather jacket her eye make-up is also very dark. Voyeurism This could relate to the depth of the song as it is a love/depressing song but also attract the eye of males whereas Eminem is dressed in a simple white vest top and black jeans.
Andrew Goodwin 'Dancing in the Distraction Factory' (1993)
Andrew Goodwin felt that pop videos approach narrative in a different way to that of novels and films, due to this traditional narrative analyses must be altered and executed accordingly.
He felt that the main differences in narrative structure were:
- Pop videos are built around songs - and often songs do not posse traditional narrative structures (normality-problem-resolution)
- The pop video uses the singer both as narrator and character.
- The singer often looks directly at the camera - this is an extension of (music-hall) performance and trying to involve the viewer at home with the performance.
- Pop videos rely on repetition on a number of levels. From the repetitive rhythms, choruses and lines to the repetition of airtime the song will receive, via TV, radio or film tie-ins.
- Most pop videos do have a form of closure and ending, and this is often reflected in the structure of the music.
- Artists may also include recognisable features of their own to their videos/music.
- Pop videos aim to reach a wider audience as possible while still pleasing their core target audience.
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